File Extensions List

Here are some file extension which we generally see

.a - library (unix)

.ad - screen saver data (AfterDark)

.adi - graphics (AutoCAD)

.adl - MCA adapter description library (QEMM)

.afi - Truevision bitmap graphics

.afm - Type 1 font metric ASCII data for font installer (ATM - many)

.all - format file for working pages (Always)

.all - general printer information (WordPerfect for Win)

.ani - animation (Presidio - many)

.anm - animation (Deluxe Paint Animator)

.ans - ANSI graphics (character animation)

.ans - ASCII text ANSI character set (NewWave Write)

.asc - ASCII text file

.avi - Audio Video Interleaved animation file (Video for Windows)

.bak - backup file

.bas - BASIC source code file

.bat - batch file (DOS)

.bbm - brush (Deluxe Paint)

.bbs - Bulletin Board System announce or text info file

.bch - batch process object file (dBASE Application Generator)

.bcp - Borland C++ makefile

.bdf - Bitmap Distribution Format font file (X11)

.bga - bitmap graphics

.bib - bibliography (ASCII)

.bib - database - not compatible with TeX format (Papyrus)

.bib - literature database (TeX/BibTeX)

.bif - Binary Image Format b&w graphics (Image Capture board)

.bin - binary file

.bio - OS2 BIOS

.bit - bitmap X11

.bm - BitMap graphics

.bmk - Help Bookmarks (Windows 3.x)

.bmp - BitMaP graphics (PC Paintbrush - many)

.bpt - bitmap fills file (CorelDRAW)

.btm - Batch To Memory batch file (4DOS)

.bup - backup file

.c - C source code file

.c - compressed unix file archive created by COMPACT

.c++ - C++ source code file

.cal - calendar file (Windows 3.x)

.cal - spreatsheet (SuperCalc)

.cbl - COBOL source code file

.cbm - compiled bitmap graphics (XLib)

.cbt - Computer Based Training (many)

.cc - C++ source code file

.ceg - bitmap graphics (Tempra Show - Edsun Continuous Edge Graphics)

.cga - CGA display font (Ventura Publisher)

.chk - recovered data (DOS CHKDSK)

.chk - temporary file (WordPerfect for Win)

.clp - clip art graphics (Quattro Pro)

.clp - clipboard file (Windows 3.x)

.cls - C++ class definition file

.cmd - batch file (OS/2)

.cmd - command (dBASE - Waffle)

.cmd - external command menu (1st Reader)

.cpp - C++ source code file

.cpp - presentation (CA-Cricket Presents)

.cpt - compressed Mac file archive created by COMPACT PRO (ext-pc.zip)

.cur - cursor image file (Windows 3.x)

.dat - data file in special format or ASCII

.dbd - debug info (Clarion Modula-2)

.dbg - symbolic debugging information (MS C/C++)

.dcf - disk image file

.dd - compressed Macintosh file archive created by DISKDOUBLER

.deb - DEBUG script (DOS Debug)

.def - defaults - definitions

.dem - demonstration

.dem - graphics (VistaPro)

.dgs - diagnostics

.dic - dictionary

.dir - directory file (VAX)

.diz - description file (Description In Zip)

.dlg - dialog resource script file (MS Windows SDK)

.dll - Dynamic Link Library (Windows 3.x - OS/2)

.dll - export/import filter (CorelDRAW)

.dmp - dump file (eg. screen or memory)

.doc - document text file

.dos - network driver (eg. pkt_dis.dos)

.dos - text file containing DOS specific info

.drv - device driver eg. for printer

.dsk - project desktop file (Borland C++ - Turbo Pascal)

.dss - screensaver file (DCC)

.ega - EGA display font (Ventura Publisher)

.emu - terminal emulation data (BITCOM)

.env - Enveloper macro (WOPR)

.env - environment file (WordPerfect for Win)

.err - error log

.err - error messages for command line compilers

.esh - Extended Shell batch file

.exc - REXX source code file (VM/CMS)

.exc - exclude file for Optimize (do not process) (QEMM)

.exe - directly executable program (DOS)

.exm - MSDOS executable, system-manager compliant (HP calculator)

.ext - extension file (Norton Commander)

.fac - FACE graphics

.faq - Frequently Asked Questions text file

.fax - fax (raster graphics) (most Fax programs)

.fdw - form (F3 Design and Mapping)

.fix - patch file

.frm - form (Visual Basic)

.ftp - configuration (FTP Software PC/TCP)

.fx - on-line guide (FastLynx)

.fxd - phonebook (FAXit)

.gbl - global definitions (VAXTPU editor)

.gfb - compressed GIF image created by GIFBLAST (gifblast.exe)

.gft - font (NeoPaint)

.gif - Graphics Interchange Format bitmap graphics (CompuShow)

.gly - glossary (MS Word)

.gph - graph (Lotus 1-2-3/G)

.gr2 - screen driver (Windows 3.x)

.grb - MS-DOS Shell Monitor file (MS-DOS 5)

.grp - group file (Windows 3.x - Papyrus)

.hlp - help information

.hof - Hall Of Fame (game scores)

.hp8 - ASCII text HP Roman8 character set (NewWave Write)

.htm - HTML document (Mosaic)

.html - Same as .htm

.htx - Hypertext file

.iax - bitmap graphics (IBM Image Access eXecutive)

.ibm - compressed file archive created by ARCHDOS (Internal IBM only)

.icn - ICON source code file

.ico - icon (Windows 3.x)

.id - disk identification file

.ifs - system file (OS/2) hpfs.ifs

.img - bitmap graphics (Ventura Publisher - GEM Paint)

.inc - include file (several programming languages)

.inf - information text file (ASCII)

.inf - install script

.ini - initialization file

.ins - (WordPerfect) wp51.ins

.ins - installation script (1st Reader)

.jas - graphics

.jbd - datafile (SigmaScan)

.jpc - graphics (Japan PIC)

.jpg - JPEG Joint Photography Experts Group format bitmap graphics

.jtf - graphics (TIFF file with JPEG compression)

.key - security file eg. Shareware Registration info

.kps - IBM KIPS bitmap graphics

.kyb - keyboard mapping (FTP Software PC/TCP)

.lbm - bitmap graphics (DeluxePaint)

.lbm - linear bitmap graphics (XLib)

.lcl - (FTP Software PC/TCP)

.ldb - (MS Access)

.lgo - startup logo code (Windows 3.x)

.lib - library file (several programming languages)

.lis - listing (VAX)

.log - log file

.lpc - printer driver (TEKO)

.m3d - 3D animation macro

.mac - bitmap graphics (Macintosh MacPaint)

.mac - macro

.mai - mail (VAX)

.mak - makefile

.mak - project file (Visual Basic)

.man - command manual

.map - color palette

.map - format data (Micrografx Picture Publisher)

.map - linker map file

.map - map (Atlas MapMaker)

.map - network map (AccView)

.mbx - mailbox data (ZERBERUS)

.mci - MCI command script (Media Control Interface)

.mcp - printer driver (Mathcad)

.mcw - text file (MacWrite II)

.mdm - modem definition (TELIX)

.meu - menu group (DOS Shell)

.mid - standard MIDI file (music synthetizers)

.mke - makefile (MS Windows SDK)

.mod - MODULA-2 source code file (Clarion Modula-2)

.mod - Windows kernel module

.mon - monitor description (ReadMail)

.mov - movie (AutoCAD AutoFlix)

.mp2 - MPEG audio file (xing)

.mpc - calender file (MS Project)

.mpg - MPEG animation

.msg - message

.msp - bitmap graphics (Microsoft Paint)

.mst - setup script (MS Windows SDK)

.mth - math file (Derive)

.mtm - MultiTracker Module music

.mtw - datafile (Minitab)

.mu - menu (Quattro Pro)

.mus - sound file (MusicTime)

.mvf - stop frame file (AutoCAD AutoFlix)

.mvi - movie command file (AutoCAD AutoFlix)

.mvw - log file (Saber LAN)

.mxt - (MS C)

.nws - info text file (latest news) (ASCII)

.nxt - sound (NeXT format)

.obj - object code (Intel Recolatable Object Module)

.ocx - OLE custom control

.off - Object File Format vector graphics

.old - backup file

.ovl - overlay file (part of program to be loaded when needed)

.ovr - overlay file (part of program to be loaded when needed)

.pac - STAD Image (graphics ?)

.pac - package (SBStudio II)

.pal - color palette

.par - permanent output file (Windows 3.x)

.pcc - cutout picture vector graphics (PC Paintbrush)

.pch - patch file

.pct - bitmap graphics (Macintosh b&w PICT1 - color PICT2)

.pcw - text file (PC Write)

.pcx - bitmap graphics (PC Paintbrush)

.pda - bitmap graphics

.pdv - printer driver (Paintbrush)

.pgm - Portable Grayscale bitMap graphics

.pgm - program (Signature)

.pgp - support file (Pretty Good Privacy RSA System)

.pgs - manual page (man4dos)

.pic - PIXAR picture file (SDSC Image Tool)

.pic - bitmap graphics (Macintosh b&w PICT1 - color PICT2)

.pic - bitmap graphics (many eg. Lotus 1-2-3 - PC Paint)

.pif - Program Information File (Windows 3.x)

.pif - vector graphics GDF format (IBM mainframe computers)

.pit - compressed Mac file archive created by PACKIT (unpackit.zoo)

.pll - pre-linked library (Clipper 5)

.pnt - Macintosh painting

.pop - messages index (PopMail)

.pop - pop-up menu object (dBASE Application Generator)

.prd - printer driver (many)

.pub - public key ring file (Pretty Good Privacy RSA System)

.qpr - print queue device driver (OS/2)

.qpx - compiled query program (FoxPro)

.qrt - QRT ray tracing graphics

.qry - query (dBASE IV)

.qt - QuickTime movie (animation)

.qwk - QWK reader message file

.qxd - document (QuarkXPress)

.qxl - element library (QuarkXPress)

.rar - winrar file (compression s/w)

.rdi - device-independent bitmap file (RIFF RDIB format)

.rdx - datafile (Reflex)

.rec - datafile (EpiInfo)

.rec - record file (Sprint)

.rec - recorded macro file (Windows 3.x)

.red - path info (Clarion Modula-2)

.ref - cross-reference

.reg - OLE Registration (Windows 3.x)

.reg - registration (Corel programs)

.rem - remarks

.rgb - SGI RGB image file (SDSC Image Tool)

.rif - RIFF bitmap graphics (Fractal Design Painter)

.rip - graphics (Remote Access)

.rix - bitmap graphics (ColorRIX VGA Paint)

.rmk - makefile (RMAKE)

.rpt - report

.rtf - Windows Help file script

.rtl - text file

.sav - backup file (saved file)

.sav - configuration

.sav - saved game situation (eg. NetHack)

.sbd - storyboard (Storyboard Editor)

.sbi - Sound Blaster Instrument file (Creative Labs)

.sbr - support file (Source Browser)

.scc - text file

.scr - DEBUG source code file (DOS Debug)

.scr - screen saver (Windows 3.x)

.scx - bitmap graphics (ColorRIX)

.sea - Self-Extracting compressed Macintosh file Archive

.sec - secret key ring file (Pretty Good Privacy RSA System)

.sec - secured animation file (Disney Animation Studio)

.set - setup options file

.sgi - graphics (IRIS - Silicon Graphics)

.sig - current program settings (Signature)

.sig - signature file (PopMail)

.sit - compressed Macintosh archive created by STUFFIT (unsit30.zip)

.smp - sample (sound file)

.smt - text file (Smart Ware II)

.snd - digitized sound file (Macintosh/ATARI/PC)

.spl - sample

.sum - Summary

.swp - swap file (DOS)

.sys - datafile (SYGRAPH - SYSTAT - SPSS/PC)

.sys - system file - device driver or hardware configuration info (DOS)

.tbl - graphics (native format) (PageMaker TableEditor)

.tbl - table of values (OS/2)

.tel - host file (Telnet)

.tga - TrueVision Targa bitmap graphics

.tmp - temporary file

.toc - Table Of Contents

.tre - directory tree file (PC-Tools)

.trm - terminal settings (Windows 3.x)

.tut - tutorial

.ub - audio file (unsigned byte)

.uhs - Universal Hint System (binary file)

.uif - long prompts for windows (WordPerfect for Win)

.unx - text file containing UNIX specific info

.upd - program update info

.usr - user database file (Procomm Plus - Turbo C++ tour)

.vbx - Visual Basic eXtension (Visual Basic)

.vga - VGA display driver

.vga - VGA display font

.vgd - VGA display driver (Generic CADD)

.vid - MS-DOS Shell Monitor file (MS-DOS 5)

.vid - bitmap graphics (YUV12C M-Motion Frame Buffer)

.vid - screen device driver (Word)

.voc - digitized samples (Creative Voice file)

.vst - Truevision Vista bitmap graphics

.vue - animation (3D Studio)

.vxd - Windows 3.x virtual device driver (QEMM)

.w31 - startup file (Windows 3.1)

.wav - Waveform audio file (RIFF WAVE format)

.wbf - MS Windows Batch File (Catch)

.wbt - batch file (WinBatch)

.web - WEB source code file

.woa - swap file (Windows 3.x)

.wrs - Windows Resource eg. printer driver (WordPerfect for Win)

.xbm - X11 Bitmap graphics

.xll - Excel Dynamic Link Library (MS Excel)

.xmi - compressed eXtended MIdi music

.xwd - X Window System window dump image graphics (SDSC Image Tool)

.xx - compressed file ASCII archive created by XXENCODE (uuexe515.exe)

.xxe - compressed file ASCII archive created by XXENCODE (uuexe515.exe)

.zip - compressed file archive created by PKZIP (pkz204g.exe)

.zoo - compressed file archive created by ZOO (zoo210.exe)

How to Enable Cookies

To enable cookies, follow the instructions below for the browser version you are using.

Mozilla Firefox (1.0 final release and earlier)

* Go to the "Tools" menu.
* Select "Options".
* Select the "Privacy" icon in the left panel.
* Check the box corresponding to "Allow sites to set cookies".
* Click "OK" to save changes.

Netscape 7.1/Mozilla 5.0

* Select "Preferences" from the Edit menu.
* Click on the arrow next to "Privacy & Security" in the scrolling window to expand.
* Under "Privacy & Security", select "Cookies."
* Select "Enable all cookies".
* Click "OK".

Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0+

* Select "Internet Options" from the Tools menu.
* Click on the "Privacy" tab.
* Click the "Default" button (or manually slide the bar down to "Medium") under "Settings".
* Click "OK".

Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.x

* Select "Internet Options" from the Tools menu.
* Click on the "Security" tab.
* Click the "Custom Level" button.
* Scroll down to the "Cookies" section.
* To enable:
o Set "Allow cookies that are stored on your computer" to "Enable".
o Set "Allow per-session cookies" to "Enable".
* Click "OK".

Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.x

* Select "Internet Options" from the View menu.
* Click on the "Advanced" tab.
* Scroll down to find "Cookies" within the "Security" section.
* To enable:
o Select "Always accept cookies".
* Click "OK".

Netscape Communicator 4.x

* Select "Preferences" from the Edit menu.
* Find the "Cookies" section in the "Advanced" category.
* To enable:
o Select "Accept all cookies" (or "Enable all cookies").
* Click "OK".

Hide 'User Accounts' from users

Here is the procedure..

Go to Start/Run, and type:

GPEDIT.MSC

Open the path

User Config > Admin Templates > Control Panel

doubleclick "Hide specified Control Panel applets"

put a dot in 'enabled', then click 'Show"

click Add button,

type "nusrmgt.cpl" into the add box

Configure Power Management in Windows XP

1. Log on to your computer as an administrator. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.

2. Click Performance and Maintenance.

3. Click Power Options.

4. In the Power Options Properties dialog box, on the Power Schemes tab, click the Power schemes drop-down list and select the power scheme that most closely matches how you use your computer. Different computers have different power management capabilities, so your Power Options Properties dialog box may look slightly different from the one shown here.

5. If available, adjust the System standby and System hibernates settings if you are not happy with the default selection. Standby reduces power usage when your computer is not in use by turning off the parts of your computer that use the most energy. It only takes a few seconds to start a computer from standby. Hibernation saves your programs and shuts your computer down completely. Hibernation uses no power, but it takes a few seconds longer to recover from hibernation when you need to use your computer again. Setting shorter delays before standby and hibernation reduces power usage, but waiting for your computer to start may be inconvenient.

6. On the Advanced tab, you can adjust the default behavior of the power buttons on your computer. If you have a notebook computer, you will also see settings for closing the lid of your computer and pressing the sleep button on your computer. On notebook computers, you can significantly extend the battery life by setting the When I close the lid on my portable computer option to Stand by.

7. On the Hibernate tab, select Enable hibernation if it is not already selected.


** Power managements options, such as System standby and System hibernation, are a compromise between power usage and convenience. If you find it annoying when your computer goes into standby or hibernation, repeat these steps to increase the length of the delay or to disable those features completely.

Remove Thumb.db File

Thumb.db is is a cache of the current picture in that directory.

You may find this file anywhere in your computer. You may be just get rid of this file. This file is not a virus related file nor it is a scam. Still it looks like a virus related file. Anyway there is no harm in that file but if you still don't want to see this file there is a option for that also.

Following are the steps you have to perform for that ......

1 > open "WINDOWS EXPLORER".

2>go to "TOOLS".

3>open "FOLDER OPTIONS".

4>go to "VIEW".

5>1st section "FILES & FOLDERS".

6>click on the "DO NOT CACHE THUMBNAILS".

now the thumbnail file will be removed from your computer once u do this the file will be never created.

Remove Viruses From Computer For Ever

Remove Viruses from your computer forever!

With this little technique, you can shield your computer from viruses
forever. No need to keep anti-virus programs, they are so
resource-consuming and high-priced. Also, anti-virus programs cannot detect virus
variants. If a programmer modifies existing virus a little bit, anti-virus
is fooled.

My opinion, viruses cannot be detected and removed. Once in a while,
they do infect your computer. But with my vaccine, you will never get
infected from viruses, and you can have the luxury of having more RAM for
your applications, since you don't need an anti-virus software.

Theory

OK, the theory is, when a virus enters your computer, there is no way
to remove it, unless you know what areas that affects your computer, and
what form of startup method it has deployed! Though sometimes you
believe you have removed it, there may still be some traces of it, and may
again get triggered with some programs.

So, they must be stopped from entering your computer! Or, even they
exist, they should not have the privilege for execution. Unless the virus
is executed, it is harmless. Virus is a virus only if it infects your
files. Otherwise they are like prisoners in your computer, trying to get
out and infect, but helpless.

Right then, we are going to stop virus from entering computer and even
if they enter, make them non-executable, totally harmless, no matter
how new the virus is, no matter the anti-virus shows them CLEAN!

Technique

Create a local user say 'nitin', apart from any administrator accounts.
Always use programs from this user. You might say, i often have to
install programs and even run programs that need administrator privilege.
No problem. To run programs with administator privilege sitting in local
user, you can SHIFT+Right Click on the program, and click RUNAS. And
if that doesn't solve the problem, you can do anything with
administrator command prompt. C:/>runas /user:administrator cmd You will have the
command prompt with administrative privilege.

With runas method, you can access anything, any control panel applets
as well.

This is no tedious. The only thing is "RUNAS". Its so simple.

AND HOW DOES IT PREVENT VIRUS???

-> OK. If a virus doesn't affect the system, it is not at all a virus.
With a local user, even if you execute the virus yourself, it can't
enter WINDOWS folder. It can't edit the registry. It cannot do anything
without administraor privilege. It remains there. You can manually delete
it when you like.

Create Hidden User Account

Create A Hidden User Account

This tweak allows an account that is normally displayed on the Welcome
screen to be hidden from view. To log on using the account it's
necessary to use the Log On To Windows dialog box similar to the one in
Windows 2000.

Registry Key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\WindowsNT\CurrentVersion\
Winlogon\SpecialAccounts\UserList

Modify/Create the Value Data Type(s) and Value Name(s) as below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: Type Name of Account
to be Hidden
Setting for Value Data: [0 = Account is Hidden / 1 = Enabled]

Now just exit and reboot. Your account will be hidden!

Multiple Yahoo and Gtalk

Running Multiple Yahoo Messengers

It is possible to run multiple Yahoo Messenger simultaneously right after installing the official version of Yahoo Messenger.

You will need to apply a simple windows registry patch to enable this feature.

>>Follow these simple steps :

1. Open the notepad
2. Copy the following code
REGEDIT4 [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\yahoo\pager\Test] "Plural"=dword:00000001

3. Save the above code as multi.reg
4. Either double click on this file or right click on it and select merge option. (aim is to merge this settings into windows registry)

Running Multiple Gtalk

1. Right-click on the desktop
2. Select New
3. Select Shortcut
4. Paste this into the text box:

“c:\program files\google\google talk\googletalk.exe” /nomutex

5. Click Next. Name it whatever: Google Talk Multiple, etc.
7. Click OK until you are done.

Tips and Tricks For Browser

Windows Keyboard Shortcuts for Mozilla Firefox
CTRL + A	Select all text on a webpage
CTRL + B	Open the Bookmarks sidebar
CTRL + C	Copy the selected text to the Windows clipboard
CTRL + D	Bookmark the current webpage
CTRL + F	Find text within the current webpage
CTRL + G	Find more text within the same webpage
CTRL + H	Opens the webpage History sidebar
CTRL + I	Open the Bookmarks sidebar
CTRL + J	Opens the Download Dialogue Box
CTRL + K	Places the cursor in the Web Search box ready to type your search
CTRL + L	Places the cursor into the URL box ready to type a website address
CTRL + M	Opens your mail program (if you have one) to create a new email message
CTRL + N	Opens a new Firefox window
CTRL + O	Open a local file
CTRL + P	Print the current webpage
CTRL + R	Reloads the current webpage
CTRL + S	Save the current webpage on your PC
CTRL + T	Opens a new Firefox Tab
CTRL + U	View the page source of the current webpage
CTRL + V	Paste the contents of the Windows clipboard
CTRL + W	Closes the current Firefox Tab or Window (if more than one tab is open)
CTRL + X	Cut the selected text
CTRL + Z

To Clear The CACHE of the MOZILA

On the menu bar select TOOLS, click on OPTIONS from the pull down menu
Then a another bok will appear
Then goto CACHE Tab
Then u will find a another option
CLEAR CACHE NOW


That will clear the cache
Then click OK

Windows Keyboard Shortcuts for Internet Explorer

CTRL+A..............To Select all items on a webpage

CTRL+C.......... To Copy a selected item to the clipboard

CTRL+V ............ To Paste an item from the clipboard into a document

CTRL+D ............ To Add the current page/document to your favorites

CTRL+E ............. To Open the IE search utility

CTRL+F .............. To Open the FIND box to search the current document

CTRL+H ............. To Open the History utility

CTRL+I............ To Open the Favorites utility

CTRL+L , CTRL+O To Go to a new location/document

CTRL+N............. To Open a new Explorer window

CTRL+P ............. Print the current page/document

CTRL+R,F5........ Refresh the current page/document

CTRL+S ............. To Save the current document/page

CTRL+W ........... To Close the current Explorer window

To Clear The CACHE of the Explorer

Click on TOOLS at the top of the screen,
then a pull down menu will open
then click on INTERNET OPTIONS

Click on the DELETE FILES button, again as shown on the left, this will delete the 'cached' elements that Internet Explorer has stored. It will prompt you for confirmation when you click the button.